Copyright © 2008 The American Society of Human Genetics. All rights reserved.
The American Journal of Human Genetics, Volume 82, Issue 1, 236-250, 10 January 2008
doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.019
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Two Sources of the Russian Patrilineal Heritage in Their Eurasian Context
Oleg Balanovsky1, 2, 
, 
, Siiri Rootsi2, Andrey Pshenichnov1, Toomas Kivisild2, 3, Michail Churnosov4, Irina Evseeva1, 5, Elvira Pocheshkhova6, Margarita Boldyreva7, Nikolay Yankovsky8, Elena Balanovska1 and Richard Villems2
1 Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 115478 Moscow, Russia
2 Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu and Estonian Biocentre, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
3 Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QH, UK
4 Belgorod State University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia
5 Northern State Medical University, 163001 Arkhangel, Russia
6 Kuban Medical Academy, 350063 Krasnodar, Russia
7 Institute of Immunology, FMBA of Russia, 115478 Moscow, Russia
8 Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, 119991 Moscow, Russia
Corresponding authorAbstract
Progress in the mapping of population genetic substructure provides a core source of data for the reconstruction of the demographic history of our species and for the discovery of common signals relevant to disease research: These two aspects of enquiry overlap in their empirical data content and are especially informative at continental and subcontinental levels. In the present study of the variation of the Y chromosome pool of ethnic Russians, we show that the patrilineages within the pre-Ivan the Terrible historic borders of Russia have two main distinct sources. One of these antedates the linguistic split between West and East Slavonic-speaking people and is common for the two groups; the other is genetically highlighted by the pre-eminence of haplogroup (hg) N3 and is most parsimoniously explained by extensive assimilation of (or language change in) northeastern indigenous Finno-Ugric tribes. Although hg N3 is common for both East European and Siberian Y chromosomes, other typically Siberian or Mongolian hgs (Q and C) have negligible influence within the studied Russian Y chromosome pool. The distribution of all frequent Y chromosome haplogroups (which account for 95% of the Y chromosomal spectrum in Russians) follows a similar north-south clinal pattern among autosomal markers, apparent from synthetic maps. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) plots comparing intra ethnic and interethnic variation of Y chromosome in Europe show that although well detectable, intraethnic variation signals do not cross interethnic borders, except between Poles, Ukrainians, and central-southern Russians, thereby revealing their overwhelmingly shared patrilineal ancestry.
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